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Chamomile (Matricaria recutita, Chamaemelum nobile)
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Chamomile/Drug Interactions:- AlcoholAlcohol: German chamomile may prevent ulcer formation caused by ethyl alcohol (51).
- Antianxiety drugsAntianxiety drugs: Due to its pharmacological properties, chamomile may cause drowsiness and exacerbate the effects of sedative medications (42; 46). An extract of chamomile is apigenin, which has been shown in mice to have central benzodiazepine receptor affinity and anxiolytic and sedative effects (47).
- Antiarrhythmic agentsAntiarrhythmic agents: Apigenin, a constituent of chamomile, was found to increase the atrial rate in rats (59).
- AntibioticsAntibiotics: Based on in vitro studies, chamomile may have antimicrobial properties (45; 107; 108; 109; 106; 1; 110; 111; 112; 113; 114; 115).
- Anticoagulants and antiplateletsAnticoagulants and antiplatelets: Due to its coumarin content, chamomile may increase the risk of bleeding when ingested concomitantly with anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapies or NSAID treatments (70; 46). Based on one case report, concurrent use of ingested and topical chamomile products while using warfarin may lead to multiple internal hemorrhages (71).
- Antidiabetic agentsAntidiabetic agents: Based on laboratory research, the flavonoid glucoside chamaemeloside found in Chamaemelum nobile has in vivo hypoglycemic activity comparable to free 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMG) (52).
- AntidiarrhealsAntidiarrheals: Chamomile is a popular home remedy for gastrointestinal complaints. Nonetheless, there is scant human evidence to support its use in this area, and the effects of chamomile alone remain unclear (116; 117).
- AntifungalsAntifungals: Based on in vitro studies, chamomile may have antmicrobial properties (45; 107; 108; 109; 116; 1; 110; 111; 112; 113; 114; 115).
- AntihistaminesAntihistamines: Based on animal study, a single oral administration of German chamomile flower extract showed antipruritic effects (10). Furthermore, the antipruritic effects of antihistamine H1 antagonists, oxatomide and fexofenadine, were remarkably enhanced by the combined administration of the ethyl acetate extract of German chamomile.
- AntihypertensivesAntihypertensives: Based on an animal study, apigenin, a constituent of chamomile, may have hypotensive properties (53).
- Anti inflammatory agentsAnti inflammatory agents: Based on in vitro and animal study, chamomile may have anti-inflammatory properties (54; 55; 56; 57; 3; 45; 58).
- Antilipemic agentsAntilipemic agents: Based on animal models, chamomile may have some cholesterol-lowering activities (79).
- Antispasmodic agentsAntispasmodic agents: Based on in vitro and animal studies, alpha-bisabolol, apigenin, and farnesol in chamomile may be spasmolytic (60; 45; 61).
- Antiulcer drugsAntiulcer drugs: Based on in vitro studies, chamomile may inhibit the induction of gastric ulcers (51).
- Calcium channel blockersCalcium channel blockers: Apigenin, a constituent of chamomile, relaxed thoracic aorta in rats by suppressing the Ca2+ influx through both voltage- and receptor-operated calcium channels (59).
- CNS depressantsCNS depressants: A lyophilized infusion of chamomile administered intraperitonealy in mice displayed a depressive effect on the central nervous system (72).
- Cytochrome P450 metabolized agentsCytochrome P450 metabolized agents: In vitro, chamomile has demonstrated the inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4) (48; 49). In vitro data have indicated that chamomile preparations contain constituents that inhibit the activities of major human drug metabolizing enzymes; interactions with drugs whose route of elimination is mainly via cytochromes (especially CYP1A2) are therefore possible (49).
- Disulfiram (Antabuse®)Disulfiram (Antabuse®): Many tinctures contain high levels of alcohol and may cause vomiting when taken with disulfiram.
- DiureticsDiuretics: Based on a rat study, chamomile flowers may have diuretic properties (118).
- EstrogensEstrogens: Chamomile may have anti-estrogenic effects (34).
- Metronidazole (Flagyl®)Metronidazole (Flagyl®): Many tinctures contain high levels of alcohol and may cause vomiting when taken with metronidazole.
- Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDs), COX 2 inhibitorsNonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDs), COX 2 inhibitors: Based on in vitro and animal studies, chamomile may have anti-inflammatory properties (54; 55; 56; 57; 3; 45; 58).
- Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs): In an in vitro study, an extract containing Matricaria chamomile, Sideritis euboea, Sideritis clandestine, and Pimpinella anisum was associated with SERM properties against osteoporosis (34).
- WarfarinWarfarin: Based on a case report, concurrently use of ingested and topical chamomile products while using warfarin may lead to multiple internal hemorrhages (71).
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Chamomile/Herb/Supplement Interactions:- AntibacterialsAntibacterials: Based on in vitro studies, chamomile may have antimicrobial properties (45; 107; 108; 109; 71; 1; 110; 111; 112; 113; 114; 115).
- Anticoagulants and antiplateletsAnticoagulants and antiplatelets: Due to its coumarin content, chamomile may theoretically increase the risk of bleeding when ingested concomitantly with anticoagulant herbs or supplements (70; 46). Based on one case report, concurrent use of ingested and topical chamomile products while using anticoagulants may lead to multiple internal hemorrhages (71).
- AntidiarrhealsAntidiarrheals: Chamomile is a popular home remedy for gastrointestinal complaints. Nonetheless, there is scant human evidence to support its use in this area, and the effects of chamomile alone remain unclear (116; 117).
- AntifungalsAntifungals: Based on in vitro studies, chamomile may have antimicrobial properties (45; 107; 108; 109; 116; 1; 110; 111; 112; 113; 114; 115).
- AntihistaminesAntihistamines: Based on animal research, a single oral administration of German chamomile flower extract showed antipruritic effects (10). Furthermore, the antipruritic effects of antihistamine H1 antagonists, oxatomide and fexofenadine, were remarkably enhanced by the combined administration of the ethyl acetate extract of German chamomile.
- Anti inflammatory herbsAnti inflammatory herbs: Based on in vitro and animal studies, chamomile may have anti-inflammatory properties (54; 55; 56; 57; 3; 45; 58).
- AntilipemicsAntilipemics: Based on animal models, chamomile may have some cholesterol-lowering activities (79).
- AntioxidantsAntioxidants: Based on in vitro research, chamomile may have moderate antioxidant activities (79).
- AntispasmodicsAntispasmodics: Based on in vitro and animal study, alpha-bisabolol, apigenin, and farnesol in chamomile are considered spasmolytic (60; 45; 61).
- Antiulcer herbs and supplementsAntiulcer herbs and supplements: Based on in vitro studies, chamomile may inhibit the induction of gastric ulcers (51).
- AnxiolyticsAnxiolytics: Due to its pharmacological properties, chamomile may cause drowsiness and exacerbate the effects of sedative herbs or supplements (42; 46). An extract of chamomile is apigenin, which has been shown in mice to have central benzodiazepine receptor affinity and anxiolytic and sedative effects (47).
- Cardiac glycosidesCardiac glycosides: Apigenin, a constituent of chamomile, was found to increase the atrial rate in rats (59).
- Chronotropic herbsChronotropic herbs Apigenin, a constituent of chamomile, was found to increase the atrial rate in rats (59).
- COX inhibitorsCOX inhibitors: Based on in vitro and animal studies, chamomile may have anti-inflammatory properties (54; 55; 56; 57; 3; 45; 58).
- Cytochrome P450 metabolized herbs and supplementsCytochrome P450 metabolized herbs and supplements: In vitro, chamomile has demonstrated the inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4) (48; 49). In vitro data have indicated that chamomile preparations contain constituents that inhibit the activities of major human drug metabolizing enzymes. Therefore, interactions with herbs and supplements whose route of elimination is mainly via cytochromes (especially CYP1A2) are possible (49).
- DiureticsDiuretics: Based on rat research, chamomile flowers may have diuretic properties (118).
- Hormonal herbs and supplementsHormonal herbs and supplements: Chamomile may have anti-estrogenic effects and interact with herbs and supplements, such as red clover or soy (34).
- HypoglycemicsHypoglycemics: Based on laboratory study, the flavonoid glucoside chamaemeloside found in Chamaemelum nobile has in vivo hypoglycemic activity comparable to free 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMG) (52).
- HypotensivesHypotensives: Based on an animal research, apigenin, a constituent of chamomile, may have hypotensive properties (53).
- PhytoestrogensPhytoestrogens: Chamomile may have anti-estrogenic effects and interact with herbs or supplements, such as red clover or soy (34).
- SedativesSedatives: A lyophilized infusion of chamomile administered intraperitonealy in mice displayed a depressive effect on the central nervous system (72).
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Chamomile/Food Interactions:- Insufficient available evidence.
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Chamomile/Lab Interactions:- ACTHACTH: ACTH levels were decreased by chamomile in ovariectomized rats and were further reduced by the administration of diazepam; flumazenile inhibited this action (119).
- Blood glucoseBlood glucose: Based on laboratory research, the flavonoid glucoside chamaemeloside found in Chamaemelum nobile has in vivo hypoglycemic activity comparable to free 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMG) (52).
- Blood pressureBlood pressure: Based on an animal research, apigenin, a constituent of chamomile, may have hypotensive properties (53).
- Coagulation panelCoagulation panel: Chamomile contains coumarin constituents and may suppress vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors and increase coagulation time (70; 46).
- Cytochrome P450 levelsCytochrome P450 levels: Chamomile has demonstrated the inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4) (48; 49). In vitro data have indicated that chamomile preparations contain constituents that inhibit the activities of major human drug metabolizing enzymes. Therefore, interactions with drugs whose route of elimination is mainly via cytochromes (especially CYP1A2) are possible (49).
- Lipid panelLipid panel: Based on animal models, chamomile may have some cholesterol-lowering activities (79).
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Copyright © 2011 Natural Standard (www.naturalstandard.com)
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The information in this monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and is meant to help users better understand health concerns. Information is based on review of scientific research data, historical practice patterns, and clinical experience. This information should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Users should consult with a qualified healthcare provider for specific questions regarding therapies, diagnosis and/or health conditions, prior to making therapeutic decisions.
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